A $21bn merchant with a payments stack it has outgrown.
Polymarket runs two businesses on two sets of rails. One is a Panama-domiciled crypto venue with no card acquiring of its own. The other is a CFTC-licensed US exchange that already moves dollars — through somebody else.
What matters for you, in four sentences
Polymarket US is a real, licensed, dollar-denominated merchant with card and ACH volume today — and its card acquirer is Checkout.com, not you. The global platform doesn't buy card acquiring directly at all; it buys orchestration from Fun, which sits above on-ramp providers, so the route in there is partnership, not displacement.
The sharpest wedge isn't price. It's that Polymarket US withdrawals take three to four business days by card or ACH while Kalshi pays out in about thirty minutes — a growth-team problem, at a company that just hired a chief growth officer whose entire mandate is conversion and retention.
And there's a quiet structural advantage sitting in your favour: Global Payments is headquartered in Atlanta, and so is ICE, which owns roughly 22% of this company.
One correction to your working note
Your read was that Polymarket's card path runs through fund.xyz as a "conversion affiliate of swapped.com." The relationship is the other way round, and the distinction changes the sales motion.
Fun (fun.xyz, founded 2022 by Alex Fine) is a payments orchestration and infrastructure company — it raised a $72m Series A co-led by Multicoin Capital and SignalFire, processes $18bn+ a year, and builds white-labelled deposit, withdrawal and settlement flows for Polymarket, Aave and Lighter. Polymarket's own VP of Engineering, Josh Stevens, is on record saying they evaluated every major payments company before choosing it. Fun sits above on-ramp providers and routes to them. Swapped.com is one such on-ramp — a widget business covering 150+ countries and 40+ payment methods — as are MoonPay, Transak and Onramper, all of which appear in Polymarket's global card flow.
Why it matters: you cannot displace Fun with an acquirer, because Fun is not an acquirer. You can become a route inside Fun. That's a shorter, less political sale than trying to unseat an entrenched orchestration partner — and Fun is opening a Singapore office and shopping for acquisitions, which means it needs exactly the local acquiring footprint you already own.
The play
Three doors, in the order you should knock on them.
Polymarket is not one merchant. It's a regulated US exchange, an offshore crypto venue, and an orchestration relationship — with different buyers, different underwriting profiles, and different odds of a win. Treating it as a single logo is the mistake most vendors will make.
Door one — Polymarket US, payouts first
Do not open with "we can beat Checkout.com on rate." Open with the gap their own documentation admits: debit card and ACH deposits take three to four business days to fully clear, and withdrawals follow the same clock. Kalshi returns money to a debit card in about thirty minutes via Visa Direct-style push payments, and also offers PayPal, Venmo and Cash App.
For a prediction market, payout speed is the product. A trader who wins on Sunday and can't touch the money until Thursday does not re-stake on Monday. That is a measurable retention number, and it lands squarely in Travis VanderZanden's lap.
Worldpay's payouts platform — 135 fiat currencies, OCT rails, and stablecoin payouts through BVNK across 180+ markets — closes that gap without touching their acquiring contract. It's an additive first sale. Once you own payouts, you're inside the account for the acquiring conversation at renewal.
Door two — become a route inside Fun
Fun is a small, engineering-led team that just raised $72m and is expanding into APAC. It routes global deposits across 50+ methods in 100+ countries. What it cannot build quickly is local acquiring licences, issuer relationships and scheme membership in dozens of markets — which is the thing Worldpay has spent thirty years accumulating.
Sell to Fun as a supplier, not to Polymarket as a competitor. You gain exposure to Polymarket volume plus Aave and Lighter, and you land in an orchestration layer that is going to keep adding merchants.
Door three — the ICE corridor
ICE holds roughly 22% of Polymarket, has taken board-level interest, and its CEO Jeff Sprecher has publicly said the firm may join further rounds. ICE is headquartered in Atlanta. Global Payments — Worldpay's parent since the $24.3bn deal closed on 12 January 2026 — is headquartered in Atlanta. That is a genuine warm-introduction path that no competing acquirer has as cleanly.
It is also the right room for the strategic version of this conversation: ICE's investment thesis is explicitly about data and market infrastructure, not about betting. A payments partner who frames prediction markets as regulated derivatives infrastructure rather than as gaming is speaking ICE's language.
The one-line positioning
"You're a CFTC-licensed exchange being paid for like a high-risk gaming merchant. We can move you onto derivatives-grade rails, get your winners paid in minutes instead of days, and give you a second acquirer so a single decline event doesn't cost you an NFL Sunday."
Corporate entities
Who you would actually contract with, and who you almost certainly can't.
Green = plausibly bankable by a US/EU acquirer. Red = structurally very hard to underwrite.
Blockratize, Inc.
- Type
- Delaware corporation, headquartered in New York 0.95
- Role
- Original operating company, does business as "Polymarket." Named respondent in the 2022 CFTC action.
- Regulatory history
- CFTC Docket 22-09, 3 Jan 2022 — $1.4m penalty for operating an unregistered facility for event-based binary options (swaps) without DCM or SEF registration. Required to wind down non-compliant markets and block US users. CFTC noted "substantial cooperation" in reducing the penalty. 0.98
- Underwriting note
- A settled, disclosed, closed enforcement matter is far easier to get past risk committee than an open one. DOJ and CFTC both issued declination notices in July 2025.
Adventure One QSS Inc.
- Type
- Panama entity, incorporated 15 October 2021 0.85
- Role
- Operates the international exchange at polymarket.com. Polymarket's site footer states the international platform is not CFTC-regulated and operates independently.
- Public scrutiny
- Sportico reviewed 100+ pages of Panamanian corporate filings and concluded the entities are more intertwined than previously reported; Coplan is not named in the original 2021 articles of incorporation, which list Panamanian lawyer Mario Ernesto García de Paredes. NPR reported the listed Panama address resolves to a law office. 0.80
- KYC
- No platform-wide KYC on the global product as of mid-2026. 0.80
- Underwriting note
- Panama domicile + no universal KYC + geo-blocks driven by gambling regulators in a dozen countries. Realistically outside a bank-sponsored acquirer's appetite. Treat as out of scope and say so early — it buys credibility.
QCX, LLC — d/b/a Polymarket US
- Type
- CFTC-registered Designated Contract Market 0.98
- Acquired
- July 2025, ~$112m, together with QC Clearing LLC. Sometimes styled QCEX in filings and press.
- Licensing sequence
- CFTC no-action letter 3 Sep 2025 (relief from certain swap data reporting and recordkeeping obligations) → Amended Order of Designation 25 Nov 2025 permitting operation as an intermediated trading platform → live 2–3 Dec 2025, invite-only iOS, sports markets first → waitlist removed May 2026.
- Compliance posture
- Full KYC including SSN. Intermediated through FCMs. Segregated funds, market-manipulation surveillance, continuous CFTC rule enforcement review — the same regulatory tier as CME.
- Product gaps
- iOS only as of mid-2026. Android and web still pending. 0.75
- Underwriting note
- This is the contractable entity. A federally licensed derivatives exchange with a clearinghouse, named executives from Robinhood and Nasdaq, and audited segregation. Materially cleaner than most crypto merchants in your book.
Ownership opacity is a live issue
NPR reported in July 2026 that Polymarket's ultimate beneficial ownership and governance are largely undisclosed, and the House Judiciary Committee has been asking questions. Expect your KYB and UBO process to take longer than a normal enterprise merchant. Start collecting the corporate documentation early rather than at contracting — and be aware the answer may be that the global entity simply cannot be onboarded.
People
Who owns the decision, who owns the pain, and who will kill the deal.
| Name | Role | Came from | Why they matter to you |
|---|---|---|---|
| Shayne Coplan | Founder & CEO | Founded 2020, aged 22 | Signs anything strategic. Not your first call — you have no reason to be in that room yet. |
| Josh Stevens | VP, Engineering | — | Your primary technical entry point. Publicly quoted on the Fun selection, saying they evaluated every major payments company. He owns the integration reality and the vendor bar. |
| Travis VanderZanden | Chief Growth Officer 0.95 | Founded Bird; VP at Uber; COO at Lyft | Your economic buyer for the payouts pitch. Joined Aug 2026, owns growth and marketing. Publicly says prediction markets on elections and sports is "the smallest version of what this becomes." Conversion and retention language wins with him; interchange language does not. |
| Megan McGrath | Chief Compliance Officer, Polymarket US | Robinhood | Will vet any new money-movement partner. Knows what a regulated broker's payments compliance looks like — speak that dialect, not crypto's. |
| Paul Jordan | Chief Risk Officer, Polymarket US | Nasdaq | Owns settlement, credit and counterparty risk. The natural buyer for faster settlement and stablecoin treasury conversations. |
| Natalie Oblazny | Head of Regulatory Affairs, US | Coinbase | Running the state-by-state fight. Your gaming-vertical regulatory knowledge is genuine currency here. |
| Shana Bautista | Global Head of Investigations & Intelligence | FBI, then Coinbase | Fraud, insider trading, market integrity. Fraud-tooling and chargeback-intelligence conversations route through her. |
| Jeff Sprecher | CEO, ICE (largest shareholder) | — | Atlanta. Said in Aug 2026 that ICE would look at further rounds. The strategic corridor, not a transactional one. |
| Alex Fine | Founder & CEO, Fun (fun.xyz) | Founded 2022 | Door two. Needs acquiring footprint for APAC expansion; is explicitly shopping for acquisitions. |
Sequencing
Stevens for credibility, VanderZanden for budget, McGrath and Jordan to clear the path, Oblazny for the trusted-advisor content that gets you invited back. If you lead with McGrath you'll get a vendor questionnaire and nothing else.
Investors and board-adjacent
ICE at roughly 22% is the anchor and also a commercial partner — it distributes Polymarket's event data to institutional clients globally. 1789 Capital, where Donald Trump Jr. is a partner, has now put in around $500m across two rounds and led the $21bn round; Trump Jr. also advises Kalshi. The April 2026 round at ~$15bn added D.E. Shaw and G Squared. Founders Fund and Blockchain Capital are earlier backers, and Vitalik Buterin was an early individual investor.
Capital and ownership
$300m to $21bn in about thirteen months.
| Date | Event | Amount | Valuation | Conf. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aug 2025 | 1789 Capital first invests | — | $1.2bn post | 0.70 |
| Oct 2025 | ICE strategic investment announced; ICE becomes global distributor of Polymarket event data | up to $2bn | ~$8bn pre / ~$9bn | 0.95 |
| 27 Mar 2026 | ICE completes $600m direct cash investment, plus up to $40m of secondary purchases — fulfilling its commitment | $600m | undisclosed | 0.95 |
| Apr 2026 | Round adds D.E. Shaw and G Squared | ~$400m sought | ~$15bn | 0.75 |
| 31 Aug 2026 | Round led by 1789 Capital ($300m of it), on top of ~$200m already in | $1bn | $21bn post | 0.90 |
ICE remains the largest single holder at approximately 22%. Its stated thesis is not the betting product — the company told investors the goal is to bring the underlying technology into ICE's own workflow and grow data sales, not to hit a valuation multiple on Polymarket itself.
Read that carefully, because it tells you how to pitch. The most sophisticated money in this cap table thinks of Polymarket as market infrastructure. Payments vendors who show up talking about gambling verticals will be filed accordingly.
Implication for commercial terms
A company that just raised $1bn at $21bn is not optimising for basis points, and a discount-led approach will read as small. It is optimising for scale readiness, redundancy, and anything that lifts conversion or retention before the NFL season and the November midterms. Price the deal for volume you'll earn later; win it on capability now.
Business model
How the money actually moves, and where payments sits in it.
Mechanics
Polymarket is a peer-to-peer exchange, not a book. Users buy YES or NO shares priced between $0.00 and $1.00 on a central limit order book; winning shares redeem at $1.00 and losing shares expire worthless. The house never takes the other side, so revenue scales with volume rather than with user losses — a materially different risk profile from a sportsbook, and a useful line when your own risk team asks.
The global venue runs on Polygon using the Conditional Token Framework, with resolution via UMA's Optimistic Oracle (moving to a managed, whitelisted-proposer version). Polymarket US runs as a conventional intermediated derivatives exchange under CFTC rules.
Revenue lines
| Line | Detail | Scale |
|---|---|---|
| Taker fees | No maker fees; part of taker fees funds maker rebates. Rolled out Jan 2026 on crypto markets, Feb on sports, broader schedule Mar. Fee is proportional to uncertainty — peaks at 50¢, falls toward the extremes. Caps of roughly $1.00–$1.75 per 100 shares by category. | Primary. ~$1bn annualised as of Jun 2026 0.55 |
| Float / collateral yield | pUSD, launched 28 Apr 2026, is Polymarket's own 1:1 USDC-backed settlement token replacing bridged USDC.e. DefiLlama's co-founder estimated ~$1.25bn sitting in user wallets and open interest, implying roughly $54m/yr of newly capturable yield. | Large, partly opaque 0.70 |
| Data licensing | ICE distributes event data to institutions globally. Dow Jones deal covers WSJ, Barron's, MarketWatch and IBD, including a prediction-market earnings calendar. Also Yahoo Finance, Google Search and Google Finance. | Fast growing 0.90 |
Volume composition
| Category | Share of volume | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Sports | ~39–40% | Now the largest category. NBA Finals ~$413m; World Cup ~$2.5bn in its first 11 days. |
| Politics | ~32% | Was dominant; now second. Midterms in Nov 2026 are the next spike. |
| Crypto | ~20% | Highest fee tier. |
| Other | ~8–9% | Finance, tech, economics, culture, weather. Real estate markets added 2026. |
The seasonality you should plan your calendar around
Volumes dipped after the World Cup ended in July. The company is staffing up specifically for two catalysts: the NFL season starting September and the US midterms in November. That is a hard deadline for anything that touches conversion or payout speed — which means a Q3 conversation about Q4 readiness is timely rather than opportunistic. Cross-reference: they hired VanderZanden, McGrath, Jordan, Oblazny and Bautista in a single wave in August for exactly this.
The payments stack
Everything publicly documented about how money enters and leaves, on both platforms.
Polymarket US — QCX LLC, dollar rails
Source: docs.polymarket.us institutional payments documentation, marked beta.
| Method | Provider | Speed | Limits & notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Debit / credit card | Checkout.com | Instant auth | $50k/day. No published minimum. Clears fully in 3–4 business days. Some sources state credit cards are not supported and it is debit-only in practice — verify this. |
| Apple Pay | Checkout.com | Instant | Same rails as cards. |
| Bank transfer (ACH) | Aeropay | 1–3 business days | $50k/day. No published minimum. Bank linking with MFA via SDK. |
| Wire | Bank | ~1 business day | $1,000 minimum, no maximum. |
| Withdrawals | Checkout.com / Aeropay | 3–4 business days (card & ACH), ~1 day (wire) | Must return to the original funding method. FIFO allocation across methods. Uncleared deposits cannot be withdrawn. |
Documented API surface
Their documentation exposes the integration shape, which tells you how deeply the incumbent is embedded and how a second acquirer would slot in:
POST /v1/checkout/payment-sessions— card tokenisation sessionPOST /v1/checkout/instruments— save tokenised card as a reusable instrumentPOST /v1/checkout/deposits·POST /v1/checkout/withdrawalsPOST /v1/aeropay/initialize·/validate-mfa·/methods·/deposits·/withdrawalsGET /v1/funding/sources·/accounts·/transactions·/transaction-requirements
Two things worth noting. First, funding-source types are enumerated as FUNDING_SOURCE_TYPE_CHECKOUT_CARD and FUNDING_SOURCE_TYPE_AEROPAY_BANK_ACCOUNT — provider names are baked into the enum, which means adding a second acquirer is a schema change, not a config change. That's friction, and you should scope it honestly rather than pretend it isn't there. Second, there is a generic FUNDING_SOURCE_TYPE_BANK_ACCOUNT alongside the Aeropay-specific one, which hints at an abstraction they may already be building toward.
Polymarket Global — Adventure One, crypto rails
| Path | Provider | Cost / speed | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Card ("Use Cash") | MoonPay, Transak, Onramper — orchestrated by Fun | ~2–5%, 5–15 min | Blocked for US users. Card deposit ceiling cited at $115,000. |
| Connect exchange | Fun (Coinbase link, 2FA per transfer) | ~2 min, low fee | Credentials never stored by Polymarket. Binance, Kraken, Gemini and Gate announced but not live as of May 2026. |
| Crypto transfer | Direct on-chain | <$0.01, <1 min | 22 tokens across 13 chains. $3 minimum on most chains, $10 on Ethereum. Auto-converted to pUSD on arrival. |
| Large deposits | Third-party bridges | varies | Above $50k from a non-Polygon chain they recommend an external bridge to limit slippage. |
Fun (fun.xyz), in detail
- Founded
- 2022 by Alex Fine. Emerged from stealth May 2026.
- Funding
- $72m Series A co-led by Multicoin Capital and SignalFire, closed late January 2026. Also Infinity Ventures, Pharsalus Capital, and Justin Mateen. Prior $3.9m seed.
- Scale
- $18bn+ annual transaction volume, 99.999% claimed success rate, millions of users, 100+ countries, 50+ payment methods.
- Clients
- Polymarket (described in one profile as sole deposit provider), Aave, Lighter.
- Model
- White-labelled, bespoke flows engineered with the client's own engineers — explicitly positioned against generalist widgets like MoonPay, Ramp and Transak.
- Direction
- Singapore office, APAC expansion, and acquisitions to deepen the infrastructure stack. 0.90
- Builder codes
- Polymarket's bridge API accepts an
X-Builder-Codeheader so the bridge provider can attribute traffic and prioritise stuck transfers — evidence of how tightly Fun is wired into the deposit path.
Reading the stack strategically
Polymarket has deliberately chosen a specialist for every layer: a derivatives-native clearinghouse, a crypto-native orchestrator, a card-native acquirer, an ACH-native linker. There is no single incumbent with the whole relationship — which means there is no incumbent to dislodge wholesale, and equally no one seat you can win that locks out the rest. Pick the layer where you are objectively best and win that one first.
The layer where Worldpay is unambiguously stronger than everyone currently in the stack is payouts at scale across borders, followed by local acquiring outside the US. Those are the two doors.
Revenue model
A working estimate you can defend in a pipeline review. Move the inputs; the assumptions are the argument.
The trap in sizing this account
Trading volume is not deposit volume. A prediction market recycles capital constantly — a dollar deposited can be traded many times over before it leaves. Anyone who quotes "$8.9bn a month" as an acquiring opportunity will be wrong by an order of magnitude and will be caught. The deposit-to-trading ratio is the single most important unknown in this account, and it's the first thing to ask in discovery.
How to present this internally
Lead with the range, not the point estimate. On US-only defaults the account sizes in the low single-digit millions of annual net revenue — respectable but not headline. The number that justifies senior attention is the compound one: US acquiring plus US payouts plus a route inside Fun's global book plus stablecoin settlement, against a merchant growing volume at triple digits year on year with two demand catalysts in the next ninety days.
Be explicit that the deposit-to-trading ratio is an assumption. Offering to refine it with the merchant is itself a discovery question that makes you look like an analyst rather than a vendor.
Opportunity map
Ranked by winnability × value. Work top down.
| # | Play | Buyer | Displaces | Winnability | Why it lands |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Instant card payouts (OCT) | VanderZanden / Jordan | Nothing — additive | High | Closes a 3–4 day vs 30 minute gap against Kalshi. Pure retention math. No incumbent to fight. |
| 2 | Second US card acquirer | Stevens / Jordan | Partial Checkout.com | Medium | Redundancy before NFL and midterms. Auth-rate lift and debit least-cost routing on a US-debit-heavy book. Sell resilience, not price. |
| 3 | Acquiring route inside Fun | Alex Fine (Fun) | Fun's current routes | High | Fun needs local acquiring for APAC. You have it. Wins Polymarket exposure plus Aave and Lighter. |
| 4 | Stablecoin payouts via BVNK | Jordan / Stevens | Nothing | Medium | They already settle in pUSD. Paying winners in stablecoin across 180+ markets fits their architecture better than fiat does. |
| 5 | Instant bank rails (RTP / FedNow) | Stevens | Partial Aeropay | Medium | Same speed argument as payouts, on the cheaper rail. Aeropay is a specialist but a small one. |
| 6 | Merchant settlement in USDC | Jordan (treasury) | Bank settlement | Medium | Worldpay has offered USDC settlement since 2022 and runs T+0 through Fireblocks across 40+ chains. Their treasury already lives on-chain. |
| 7 | Local payment methods for permitted markets | VanderZanden | Nothing | Long-term | PIX, UPI, SEA wallets. Gated on their jurisdiction strategy — see the global perimeter section. |
| 8 | Fraud & dispute management | Bautista / Jordan | In-house | Medium | Card deposits into a trading account attract friendly fraud after losses. Chargeback ratio management is an underrated pain here. |
| 9 | Regulatory perimeter advisory | Oblazny / McGrath | — | High | Not revenue. It's how you become the trusted advisor. Your gaming vertical has fought the state-by-state fight for a decade. |
What Worldpay brings that the incumbents don't
| Capability | Detail | Incumbent gap |
|---|---|---|
| Scale | Global Payments post-Worldpay: $3.7tn payment volume, ~94bn transactions, 6m merchant locations, 175+ countries. Worldpay alone: 146 countries, 135 fiat currencies. | Checkout.com and Aeropay are both materially smaller; Aeropay is a niche ACH specialist. |
| Payouts | Payouts platform across 135 fiat currencies, plus stablecoin payouts through BVNK in 180+ markets, launched 2025. | Not visible in Polymarket's stack at all. This is open ground. |
| On-chain settlement | Fireblocks integration for T+0 merchant settlement across 40+ blockchains. USDC settlement offered since 2022; Visa pilot in 2023. | Directly relevant to a merchant that settles in its own stablecoin. |
| Regulated gaming expertise | Decade-plus in US state-licensed gaming: geo-controls, licence-conditioned processing, responsible-gaming tooling, MCC discipline. | Polymarket is fighting eleven states. Nobody in their current stack has done this before. |
| Data credibility | The Global Payments Report — 42 markets, 63,000 consumers surveyed — is a genuine door-opener with a merchant whose own business is data. | A legitimate reason to book a first meeting that isn't a pitch. |
| Internal ally | Ahmed Zifzaf, Head of Crypto Payments, has publicly framed 2026 as transformational for Worldpay's crypto strategy and highlighted crypto payouts specifically. | Use him. This account is exactly his stated 2026 priority. |
US regulatory perimeter
Federal green light, state-by-state trench warfare. This is the risk conversation your credit committee will want.
The federal position
Polymarket US operates as a CFTC Designated Contract Market through QCX LLC, with QC Clearing LLC as the registered clearinghouse. That places it in the same regulatory tier as CME: segregated customer funds, market-manipulation surveillance, mandatory KYC, and continuous CFTC rule enforcement review. The Amended Order of Designation of 25 November 2025 permits operation as an intermediated trading platform.
The federal posture has moved decisively in the industry's favour. CFTC Chairman Michael Selig announced the agency would withdraw its prior proposed bans and advisories and draft comprehensive prediction-market regulations — regulate rather than restrict. The CFTC has actively sued states (Arizona, Connecticut and Illinois in April 2026) to block enforcement against federally listed event contracts, and won a federal injunction against Tennessee.
Open federal exposure
Three live items your risk team should know about. A reported CFTC investigation, disclosed July 2026, reaching into marketing, consumer protection and compliance practices — following a Wall Street Journal investigation into creators recording simulated trades on counterfeit versions of the site aimed at US audiences. A House Oversight and Government Reform document request to Coplan dated 22 May 2026 concerning anomalous and suspicious trading, after New York Times reporting on apparent insider trading. And eight senators led by Jeff Merkley pressing the CFTC on market integrity on 30 April 2026, with proposed legislation from Rep. Ritchie Torres and a Public Integrity in Financial Prediction Markets Act.
None of this is an enforcement action against the licence. All of it is reputational, and all of it will surface in your onboarding review. Get ahead of it rather than being surprised by it.
State status
| State | Status | Detail |
|---|---|---|
| Nevada | Banned, in force | Gaming Control Board civil action Jan 2026; TRO then preliminary injunction. Polymarket suspended event contracts in the state. Appealed to the Ninth Circuit; panel reportedly leaned toward Nevada. |
| Massachusetts | Litigation | Polymarket US sued state officials in federal court, 9 Feb 2026, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief. |
| Michigan | Litigation | Polymarket US sued AG Dana Nessel and gaming officials, 4 Mar 2026. Michigan separately won an injunction against Kalshi. |
| Arizona · Connecticut · Illinois | CFTC countersuit | CFTC sued all three on 2 Apr 2026 seeking injunctions against state enforcement. |
| Tennessee | Blocked by federal court | CFTC won a federal injunction on Dodd-Frank grounds. Tennessee appealed to the Sixth Circuit seeking expedited hearing. Contracts remain tradable. |
| Minnesota | Ban enjoined | SF4760 signed 18 May 2026 made operating or advertising a prediction market a felony from 1 Aug. A federal judge granted a preliminary injunction around 28 Jul 2026 before it took effect. |
| New York | Contested | The most significant contested large market. ORACLE Act proposed; AG Letitia James sued Kalshi; BitLicense treatment of prediction markets unresolved. |
| New Jersey · Pennsylvania · Delaware | Favourable precedent | Third Circuit ruled for Kalshi — the first appellate federal-preemption ruling. Binds only these three states. |
| Texas · Florida · California | Available | Notably, prediction markets operate in states where online sports betting is prohibited. Texas committees are investigating with recommendations expected in 2027. |
| Maryland · Montana · Ohio | Restricted | Cease-and-desist activity; availability varies by product and source. Verify against the operator's own eligibility page. |
The circuit split is the thing to watch
The Third Circuit ruled for the industry. The Ninth Circuit appears to be leaning the other way on Nevada. A split makes Supreme Court review considerably more likely, and the outcome determines whether this is a nationally addressable merchant or a permanently patchworked one. Build geo- and BIN-level controls into any proposal from day one, and price for the possibility that the addressable state map shrinks.
Global perimeter
Why the international business is hard to bank, in one table.
The structural fact underneath all of this: Polymarket holds no affirmative gambling or e-money licence in any jurisdiction outside the US. The global platform operates from Panama on crypto rails and responds to national regulators by geo-blocking, not by licensing. Restrictions come in three flavours — mandatory OFAC blocks, national gambling-regulator enforcement, and "close-only" mode where existing positions can be closed but no new trades opened.
| Jurisdiction | Status | Mechanism |
|---|---|---|
| Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Syria, Russia, Belarus, Venezuela, Myanmar and other sanctioned states | Hard block | OFAC. Mandatory and permanent for any US-linked platform. Cuba reportedly cannot even close positions. |
| France | Blocked | ANJ ruled it unlicensed gambling; one of the earliest national geo-blocks, early 2025. Set the template others followed. |
| Belgium | Blocked | Gaming Commission blacklist under the Gambling Act. One of the longest-standing European actions. |
| Czech Republic | Blocked | Ministry of Finance added Polymarket to the List of Unauthorised Internet Games, 13 Jul 2026; ISPs ordered to block within 15 days. |
| Portugal | Shutdown ordered | Regulator ordered shutdown; reporting indicated the platform initially remained reachable. |
| Brazil | Blocked | National Monetary Council resolution, Apr 2026, covering Polymarket and 26 other prediction sites — reportedly after lobbying by the licensed sportsbook industry, ahead of the October presidential election. |
| Singapore | Close-only | Gambling Regulatory Authority blacklist as part of an offshore-betting crackdown, from Jan 2025. Criminal penalties available against users who circumvent. |
| Australia | Close-only | Interactive Gambling Act prohibits unlicensed online wagering. |
| UK, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Ireland, Malta, Slovakia, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand | Close-only / restricted | Mostly national gambling-regulator positions. Sources disagree on exact status by country and it changes frequently — always check the operator's live list. |
| Canada | Mostly available | Ontario restricted; some sources also list Alberta, BC and Quebec. |
| Rest of EU | Tolerated | Roughly 22 of 27 member states reachable, operating in a MiCA reverse-solicitation grey zone rather than under any licence. |
What this means for your proposal
Any global acquiring you propose must be geo-fenced to jurisdictions where the merchant is permitted, and the permitted list changes month to month. That is an operational burden, and it is also a reason to sell your gaming-vertical compliance tooling alongside processing rather than as an afterthought.
Be candid internally: the Panama entity with no universal KYC is not a merchant most bank-sponsored acquirers will board. Say so in your first internal review. It protects your credibility when you then argue that Polymarket US and the Fun relationship are both genuinely bankable.
Competitive landscape
Including — usefully — everyone else's payment stack.
Kalshi, the direct rival
Kalshi raised at $22bn in May 2026, has generated an estimated $1.5bn in annual revenue, and claimed $100bn in annualised trading volume in January 2026. It has outrun Polymarket for much of the year on operational and legal execution. Donald Trump Jr. advises both companies.
| Rail | Kalshi | Polymarket US | Your read |
|---|---|---|---|
| US cards | Stripe, 2% debit fee | Checkout.com | Two different acquirers. Neither is Worldpay. Both accounts are theoretically open. |
| International cards | Checkout.com | via Fun's on-ramps | Checkout.com is entrenched across the category. Assume they are defending hard. |
| ACH | Aeropay | Aeropay | Aeropay owns bank linking for the whole vertical. A quiet monopoly worth understanding. |
| Crypto | Zero Hash (US) | native / Fun | Kalshi outsources crypto; Polymarket is crypto. Different architectures entirely. |
| Wallets | PayPal, Venmo, Cash App, Apple Pay, Google Pay | Apple Pay only | Real product gap. Polymarket has no PayPal, no Venmo, no Cash App, no Google Pay. That's a concrete conversion argument. |
| Payout speed | ~30 min to debit, PayPal, Venmo, crypto | 3–4 business days by card or ACH | The single sharpest wedge in this whole document. |
| Payout limits | $2,500/day debit | $50k/day card & ACH | Polymarket is friendlier on size, worse on speed. |
The wider field
Robinhood partnered with Kalshi and is now building its own venue with Susquehanna, acquiring a controlling stake in MIAX-linked exchange infrastructure, expected to launch later in 2026. Coinbase rolled out Kalshi-based markets in December 2025. Crypto.com, DraftKings Predictions, FanDuel Predicts, Novig and OG Prediction Markets are all in the field. PredictIt is winding down.
The strategic point for you: prediction markets are becoming a payments category, not one account. Every incumbent brokerage and sportsbook is building or partnering into it. If you build the reference architecture for regulated event-contract payments — instant payouts, state-level geo-controls, stablecoin settlement, correct MCC handling — Polymarket is the first logo, not the only one.
Pitch this as a vertical, not an account
Bernstein projected full-year 2026 prediction-market volumes at $240bn, against $25.7bn in the single month of March 2026. Internally, that reframes the ask from "let me chase one crypto merchant" to "let me build the payments playbook for a category that is about to have a dozen licensed operators." That's a much easier business case to fund.
Roadmap and expansion
What they've said, what's reported, and what it implies for payments.
| Initiative | Status | Payments implication |
|---|---|---|
| V2 exchange + pUSD | Shipped 28 Apr 2026 0.95 | Rebuilt CLOB, new smart contracts, native 1:1 USDC-backed collateral token replacing bridged USDC.e. They now control settlement and float. Makes stablecoin settlement and payout conversations natural rather than exotic. |
| Reopening the global exchange to US traders | Seeking CFTC approval, reported Apr 2026 0.70 | The biggest single swing factor. If approved, US users reach the deep global book and card-funding demand jumps materially. Track this closely. |
| Android and web for Polymarket US | Pending 0.75 | iOS-only today. Web launch means browser card flows, 3DS, and a very different fraud profile from in-app Apple Pay. Natural moment to insert a new acquirer. |
| Own L2 chain, migrating off Polygon | Reported priority 0.45 | Would change deposit routing and bridge economics across the global product. |
| POLY token | Explored, unlaunched 0.45 | Governance and dispute resolution. Airdrop speculation. Not a payments item but a comms risk item. |
| Category expansion | Live and growing 0.80 | Sports now the largest category; real estate markets added 2026 starting with major US cities; culture, weather, economics. Broader categories mean broader demographics and more first-time card users. |
| Distribution partnerships | Live 0.90 | ICE (institutional data), Dow Jones (WSJ, Barron's, MarketWatch, IBD), Yahoo Finance, Google Search and Finance, X as official prediction market partner with Grok integration, UFC, MLS, NHL, New York Rangers. |
| Managed oracle (MOOV2) | In progress 0.70 | Whitelisted proposers only, to cut false resolutions. Market-integrity signal that helps your risk narrative. |
| Fun's APAC expansion | Funded, in progress 0.90 | Singapore office and acquisitions. Your opening for door two. They need what you have, now. |
Watch item
If the CFTC approves reopening the international exchange to US traders, the entire structure of this account changes — two venues become one addressable market, and the Panama entity's role either shrinks or gets restructured. Set a standing alert. It is the single event most likely to make this deck out of date.
Outreach kit
Talk tracks, discovery, and the first three emails.
Discovery questions that earn a second meeting
- What's your deposit-to-trading-volume ratio? Everyone sizes you off trading volume and gets it wrong by ten times.
- What proportion of first-time depositors abandon at the card step, and what's your auth rate by issuer?
- Your docs say card and ACH withdrawals clear in three to four business days. What does that do to seven-day repeat-stake rates versus your instant-payout competitors?
- The funding-source enum has provider names baked in. How much engineering is a second acquirer, honestly — and would an abstraction layer be worth building before the midterms rather than after?
- Are you running debit least-cost routing? On a US debit-heavy book that's real basis points you may be leaving on the table.
- Where do card deposits sit in your chargeback ratio, and how much of that is friendly fraud after a losing position?
- Is Polymarket US credit-card-enabled, or debit-only in practice? Your documentation and your help content disagree.
- When Android and web launch, are you carrying the same single acquirer into a browser flow with a completely different fraud profile?
- How are you MCC-coded today, and has that been tested with issuers across all forty-plus states?
- If the global exchange reopens to US traders, does that funding flow stay on crypto rails or does it need fiat acceptance at US scale?
Email one — Josh Stevens, VP Engineering
Subject: Second acquirer before the NFL season
Josh — I read your comment about evaluating every major payments company before picking Fun, which is why I'm not going to pitch you an orchestration layer.
One narrow observation. Your funding-source enum names providers directly — CHECKOUT_CARD, AEROPAY_BANK_ACCOUNT — which means adding a second card acquirer is a schema change rather than a config flag. Going into September and November on a single acquirer with no failover is a real operational risk, and the work to fix it is smaller now than it will be after the volume arrives.
We process $3.7tn a year across 175 countries and we run redundant acquiring for merchants with exactly this seasonality profile. Twenty minutes to walk through what a failover integration looks like on your current schema?
— Zac
Email two — Travis VanderZanden, Chief Growth Officer
Subject: Your winners wait 4 days. Kalshi's wait 30 minutes.
Travis — congratulations on the move. You said prediction markets on elections and sports is the smallest version of what this becomes, which I think is right, and it's why the payout gap matters more than it looks.
Polymarket US documentation puts card and ACH withdrawals at three to four business days. Kalshi pays back to a debit card in about thirty minutes, and also offers PayPal, Venmo and Cash App. For a market where the whole loop is win-then-restake, that difference shows up directly in seven-day repeat rates.
We run instant push-to-card payouts and stablecoin payouts across 180+ markets, and it's additive — it doesn't touch your existing acquiring. Happy to model the retention delta against your actual cohort data rather than my assumptions.
— Zac
Email three — Alex Fine, Fun
Subject: Local acquiring for the Singapore build-out
Alex — congratulations on the Series A. You said you're standing up Singapore and looking at acquisitions to deepen the stack.
The part that's slow to build rather than buy is local acquiring: scheme membership, issuer relationships and licensing market by market. We have that in 146 countries and 135 currencies, and we'd rather be a route inside your orchestration than compete with it.
Worth a conversation about which APAC corridors are costing you conversion today?
— Zac
Objection handling
| They say | You say |
|---|---|
| "We're happy with Checkout.com." | "Good — I'm not asking you to leave them. I'm asking whether you want to go into a midterm election on one acquirer with no failover. Second-acquirer redundancy is standard for merchants with your volume spikes." |
| "You're a legacy processor. We move fast." | "Fair. So let's scope the smallest possible thing: payouts. It's additive, it doesn't touch your deposit flow, and it closes a gap your biggest competitor is currently beating you on." |
| "Payments isn't a priority right now." | "Understood. Which is why I'd start with the state-by-state processing controls rather than the commercial. We've run that playbook in licensed gaming for a decade and you're litigating in eleven states. That conversation costs you nothing." |
| "Our volume is on the global platform, not US." | "Agreed, and I'm being straight with you: the Panama entity is hard for any bank-sponsored acquirer to board. Which is exactly why the route there is through Fun, not around it — and that's a conversation I'd rather have with you in the room than behind you." |
| "What's your pricing?" | "I'll give you a rate when I know your auth rate by issuer and your deposit-to-trading ratio. Quoting before that is guessing, and you'd be right not to trust it." |
Risks
What will come up in your internal review. Have answers before you're asked.
Underwriting and category
- MCC classification is genuinely unsettled. Is this 6211 securities-broker traffic or 7995 gambling? Polymarket US argues federally regulated derivatives, and the CFTC licence supports that. Several state regulators argue unlicensed sports betting. The classification drives interchange, issuer decline behaviour and scheme-rule exposure — and the answer may differ by state. Get this decided internally before you quote anything.
- Issuer blocking. Many US issuers decline or cash-advance-code 7995. If the merchant is coded as gambling, your auth-rate pitch gets harder, not easier.
- Chargebacks. Funding a trading account by card invites friendly fraud after losses. Model a higher dispute rate than a typical ecommerce merchant.
- State patchwork. Processing must be geo- and BIN-controlled, and the permitted map moves. Nevada is banned today; the Ninth Circuit could widen that.
- Panama entity. Adventure One QSS with no universal KYC is realistically unbankable for a bank-sponsored acquirer. Scope it out explicitly.
- UBO opacity. NPR reporting and congressional interest in undisclosed ownership will slow KYB. Start early.
Reputational and political
- Open CFTC inquiry into marketing and consumer protection, reported July 2026, following WSJ reporting on creators recording simulated trades on counterfeit versions of the site targeted at US audiences.
- Insider-trading coverage. New York Times reported dozens of markets showing signs of insider trading; House Oversight has requested documents including on Venezuela and Maduro-related contracts.
- Political entanglement. 1789 Capital leads the latest round with Donald Trump Jr. as a partner; he simultaneously advises Kalshi. House Judiciary Democrats have been scrutinising the relationship. No findings of wrongdoing have been reported. Your comms and government-relations teams should have a considered position rather than being surprised.
- Gambling-adjacent perception. Twelve or more national regulators formally classify this as unlicensed gambling. Whatever the CFTC says, some of your bank partners will read those headlines first.
Commercial
- Deposit volume may be far smaller than trading volume suggests. The whole business case rests on a ratio nobody outside the company knows.
- Crypto substitution. Every dollar that arrives on-chain is a dollar that never touches a card. The company actively steers heavy users toward exchange transfers because card fees are higher — their own help content says so.
- pUSD and an own L2 push more of the flow on-chain over time, structurally shrinking the card-addressable share of the global book.
- Incumbent defence. Checkout.com serves both Polymarket and Kalshi and will fight to keep the category.
The honest summary for your risk committee
Polymarket US is a federally licensed derivatives exchange with a clearinghouse, mandatory KYC, segregated funds, and executives hired out of Robinhood and Nasdaq — a materially cleaner counterparty than most crypto merchants. It also carries an open federal marketing inquiry, active litigation in roughly eight states, unresolved MCC classification, and an offshore affiliate that should be excluded from scope. Both things are true. Present both.
Open questions
What this document does not know. Fill these in and the account plan gets sharp.
| Question | Why it matters | How to find out |
|---|---|---|
| Deposit-to-trading volume ratio | Determines whether this is a $3m or a $30m account | Direct discovery question. Nobody outside can derive it. |
| Is Polymarket US credit-enabled or debit-only? | Changes interchange, decline profile and the whole economic model | Their docs say "Debit/Credit Card." Third-party guides say credit is unsupported. Test a transaction or ask. |
| Current MCC | Drives everything downstream | Ask the merchant; or inspect a statement descriptor from a test deposit. |
| Checkout.com contract term and exclusivity | Determines whether second-acquirer is even permitted | Discovery. Ask directly — merchants usually answer this one. |
| Whether Swapped.com is a contracted route inside Fun | You raised it; it's plausible but unconfirmed in public sources | Ask Fun directly, or inspect the redirect chain on a live non-US card deposit. |
| Actual auth rates and decline reasons by issuer | The core of any displacement argument | Only they have it. Offer a benchmarking exercise as the hook. |
| Who owns the payments P&L internally | Stevens owns integration; someone owns cost | Ask Stevens who else should be in the room. |
| Polymarket US entity structure for contracting | Is the counterparty QCX LLC or Blockratize? | KYB. Likely QCX LLC as the licensed entity. |
| Global card volume actually flowing through on-ramps | Sizes door two | Fun may share aggregate; Polymarket won't. |
| Status of the CFTC request to reopen global to US users | Could reshape the whole account | Standing alert on CFTC filings and Bloomberg. |
Two things to verify before you quote anything externally
The ~$1bn annualised revenue figure is a Sacra estimate, not a company disclosure, and DefiLlama's fee data for the same period implies a considerably smaller number — roughly $167m in fees and $126m in revenue over a trailing year. Those two datasets are hard to reconcile. Use ranges.
Country availability tables differ substantially between sources, including on major markets like Germany, Italy and the Netherlands. Always defer to Polymarket's own live restricted-countries page for anything customer-facing.
Timeline
The sequence that produced today's structure. Red markers are the ones that changed the payments picture.
Shayne Coplan, aged 22, in New York. Operating entity Blockratize, Inc.
Docket 22-09. $1.4m penalty against Blockratize for an unregistered event-based binary options facility. US users blocked. Non-compliant markets wound down.
Predates the settlement. Later becomes the operator of the international exchange.
Phone and devices seized. DOJ investigating whether US users were trading on the international platform.
DOJ and CFTC issue declination notices. Polymarket buys QCX LLC and QC Clearing for ~$112m, inheriting a CFTC-licensed exchange and clearinghouse.
Relief for QCX from certain swap data reporting and recordkeeping obligations. Coplan calls it a green light.
~$8bn pre-money. ICE also becomes global distributor of Polymarket event data to institutions.
QCX permitted to run an intermediated trading platform under full exchange rules. The legal foundation for Polymarket US.
Invite-only, iOS, sports markets first. Checkout.com and Aeropay in the stack from the outset.
WSJ, Barron's, MarketWatch, IBD. First major traditional media deal.
$24.3bn from FIS and GTCR. Combined: $3.7tn volume, ~94bn transactions, 175+ countries. Headquartered in Atlanta.
First revenue after five years of free trading. Crypto markets first, then sports in February, broader schedule in March.
Nevada civil action January. Polymarket sues Massachusetts 9 Feb and Michigan 4 Mar. CFTC sues Arizona, Connecticut and Illinois 2 Apr.
Fulfils the $2bn commitment. ICE holds roughly 22%.
Rebuilt CLOB, new exchange contracts, native 1:1 USDC-backed collateral token replacing bridged USDC.e. Polymarket takes control of settlement and float.
Bloomberg. Would be the single largest structural change to the account if granted.
Multicoin and SignalFire co-lead. $18bn+ annual volume. Polymarket's VP Engineering publicly endorses. Singapore office and acquisitions planned.
iOS opens to all eligible US users. Android and web still pending.
SF4760 makes operating a prediction market a felony from 1 August; a federal judge blocks it days before it takes effect.
Insider trading and market integrity, following New York Times reporting.
Broadens scrutiny beyond the legal status of event contracts.
VanderZanden as CGO, McGrath as CCO, Jordan as CRO, Oblazny on regulatory affairs, Bautista on investigations. Explicitly ahead of NFL and the midterms.
Up 40% from $15bn in April. 1789 contributes ~$300m on top of ~$200m already invested.
The two volume catalysts everything is being staffed for. Your window.
Sources
Primary sources first. Everything in this board traces back to one of these.
Primary — treat as authoritative
Polymarket US payments documentation — the Checkout.com and Aeropay confirmation, API surface, funding-source enums, transaction states.
Polymarket global deposit documentation — pUSD, collateral onramp, bridge addresses, builder codes.
CFTC Order, Blockratize Inc., Docket 22-09 — the 2022 settlement in full.
ICE — initial strategic investment announcement
ICE — $600m completion, 27 Mar 2026
Global Payments completes Worldpay acquisition
House Oversight letter to Coplan, 22 May 2026
Polymarket US exchange — regulatory notices and rule filings
Kalshi help centre — card deposits — confirms Stripe in the US, Checkout.com internationally.
Kalshi help centre — transfers FAQ — Zero Hash for crypto.
Reporting — credible, secondary
Bloomberg — $21bn round led by 1789 Capital
CoinDesk — Trump Jr's firm leads $1bn raise
CNBC — executive hiring wave, 11 Aug 2026
Sportico — inside Adventure One's Panama filings
The Block — Fun Series A, APAC plans
PYMNTS — reported CFTC marketing inquiry
CoinDesk — seeking CFTC approval to reopen global to US
CoinDesk — V2 exchange upgrade and pUSD
American Banker — Global Payments closes Worldpay purchase
CBS Sports — state-by-state legal status
CBS Sports — prediction market payment methods compared
Estimates and aggregators — use with a range, not as fact
Sacra — revenue, volume and category mix estimates. Source of the ~$1bn annualised revenue figure.
DefiLlama — on-chain fees, revenue and volume. Implies materially lower revenue than Sacra; reconcile before quoting.
Cryptopolitan — pUSD float yield estimate (~$54m/yr)
Affiliate guides (startpolymarket.com, oddsassist.com, predscope.com and similar) were used only for corroboration of deposit mechanics. They carry commercial incentives and their country tables conflict with each other. Never quote them externally.
Update log
This board is meant to be edited. Here's how to keep it current without breaking it.
Version history
| Version | Date | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 1.0 | 2 Sep 2026 | Initial build. Entities, stakeholders, payments stack, regulatory perimeter, opportunity map, outreach kit. Corrected the Fun / Swapped relationship. |
How to edit this file
It's a single self-contained HTML file with no build step and no dependencies beyond the Google Fonts link. Open it in any text editor.
- Add a fact: find the relevant
<section class="pane">and add a table row or paragraph. Attach a confidence chip with<span class="cf hi">0.95</span>— classes arehi,med,low,neg. - Add a section: copy an existing
<section class="pane" id="p-yourid">block and add a matching<a class="nv" data-p="yourid">in the left rail. The navigation wires itself up fromdata-p. - Status tags in tables:
t-livegreen,t-blockred,t-partamber,t-neutgrey. - Callout boxes:
<div class="call win|warn|note">. - Search indexes the DOM automatically — new content becomes searchable with no extra work.
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When you publish a new version, rename the file with a new version and date so you don't overwrite the previous deploy — browsers will otherwise serve you a cached or duplicated copy.
Deploying to Cloudflare Pages
- Create a folder, drop this file in, and rename it
index.html. - In the Cloudflare dashboard: Workers & Pages → Create → Pages → Upload assets.
- Drag the folder in, name the project, deploy. No build command, no framework preset.
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Standing alerts worth setting
- CFTC decision on reopening the global exchange to US traders
- Ninth Circuit ruling on Nevada, and any circuit split or cert petition
- Polymarket US Android and web launch
- Any new payment method appearing in
docs.polymarket.us— the funding-source enum is the tell - Fun's APAC launch and any acquisition announcement
- Further ICE participation, or an IPO signal